過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)(Transitional Expressions)是指那些在文章中對(duì)上下文起承上啟下作用的詞語(yǔ),常由副詞、連詞及一些詞組構(gòu)成。一篇語(yǔ)言流暢、脈絡(luò)清晰的文章離不開(kāi)作者對(duì)過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)的恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用。相關(guān)調(diào)查顯示,中國(guó)學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)中的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)的掌握情況不容樂(lè)觀(guān),很多學(xué)生知道并能準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)不超過(guò)10個(gè)。因此,熟悉和掌握大學(xué)英語(yǔ)中的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)對(duì)同學(xué)們來(lái)說(shuō)迫在眉睫,這對(duì)提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平將會(huì)起到非常關(guān)鍵的作用。

    過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)的是句與句或段與段之間的某種邏輯關(guān)系。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)中常用的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)可分為以下幾類(lèi):

    一、表示并列、遞進(jìn)和強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)

    主要有also, again, and, and then, besides, in addition(此外), additionally(此外), furthermore(此外,而且), moreover(而且), especially(尤其), in particular(特別)等。例如:

    1. Students who work part-time earn extra money; moreover, they learn a lot about the society they live in. 做兼職的學(xué)生不僅能掙些外快,而且還能多了解一些他們所處的社會(huì)。

    2. Mr. Smith displeased the hostess. He smoked too much; further鄄more, he dropped ash all over the rug. 史密斯先生讓女主人很不高興,因?yàn)樗麩煶榈锰嗔?而且,還把煙灰掉了一地毯。

    3. You must make clear all the people’s names who attend this meeting. In addition, you should record all the speeches during the meeting. 你必須弄清所有與會(huì)者的姓名,此外,會(huì)議期間你還要記錄下所有的發(fā)言。

    二、表示先后次序、時(shí)間和頻次的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)

    主要有firstly, secondly, lastly, finally, eventually, at first, at last, first of all, in the first place, prior to(在……之前), formerly(從前), previously(以前), presently(目前), at present, so far, for the time being(目前), later on, then, soon, shortly, before long, afterwards(后來(lái),在這之后), since then, thereafter(在那之后), meanwhile(其間), in the meantime(與此同時(shí)), at the same time, simultaneously(同時(shí)地), immediately, as soon as, occasionally(偶爾), frequently等。例如:

    1. Prior to the Independence War, the United States was an English colony. 獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前,美國(guó)是英國(guó)的殖民地。

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    2. You left before eleven. What did you do afterwards? 你是十一點(diǎn)離開(kāi)的,之后你做了什么？

    3. On the opening day all tickets are sold a dollar; thereafter they’ll be sold two dollars. 第一天,票價(jià)是一美元,之后將會(huì)售兩美元。

    4. The doctor will see you again next week. Meanwhile, you must rest as much as possible. 醫(yī)生下周還會(huì)給你看病,在此期間,你必須盡可能地多休息。

    5. The game will be broadcast simultaneously on TV and radio. 比賽將同時(shí)在電視和廣播中進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)播。

    三、表示比較、對(duì)照和對(duì)比關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)

    主要有on one hand ... on the other hand, as well as, similarly, likewise(同樣地), otherwise(否則,不然；除此以外), by the same to-ken, as opposed to, by contrast, in (total) contrast to(與……相比), (be) contrary to, on the contrary, conversely(相反地,反過(guò)來(lái)), by comparison(多用于句首), by / in comparison (with sb/sth)(與……相比較)等。例如:

    1. Her second marriage was likewise unhappy. 她的第二次婚姻也不幸福。

    2. There was some music playing upstairs. Otherwise the house was silent. 樓上有些音樂(lè)聲。除此之外,房子里靜悄悄的。

    3. Contrary to our expectation, the Miami Heat won the game. 與我們所期待的相反,邁阿密熱火隊(duì)贏(yíng)了這場(chǎng)比賽。

    4. A: It must have been terrible. 那一定很可怕。

    B: On the contrary, I enjoyed very minute. 恰恰相反,我享受每一分鐘。

    5. The poverty of her childhood stands in total contrast to her luxurious life in Hollywood. 她在好萊塢生活的奢華與她童年時(shí)的貧窮形成了鮮明的對(duì)照。

    6. By comparison, expenditure on education increased last year. 比較起來(lái),去年的教育支出增加了。

    7. The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with New York’s skyscrapers. 與紐約的摩天大樓相比,倫敦最高的建筑也顯得矮小了。

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    四、表示因果關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)

    主要有because, so, because of, accordingly(相應(yīng)地,因此), as a result, consequently(結(jié)果), hence = for this reason, therefore(因此), thus(以此方式,如此；因此), due to(由于), owing to(由于)等。例如:

    1. The present birth rate is increasing and the death rate is decreasing. Therefore, the world’s population is growing at a frightening pace.目前,出生率上升,死亡率下降,因此世界人口數(shù)量正以驚人的速度增長(zhǎng)。

    2. I missed the train and consequently was late for school. 我錯(cuò)過(guò)了那趟火車(chē),因此上學(xué)遲到了。

    3. The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we were forced to increase our prices. 去年材料成本大幅度提高,因此我們被迫提價(jià)。

    4. We did not win the game. Thus, we will not meet John’s team in next round. 我們沒(méi)有贏(yíng)得這場(chǎng)比賽。因此,我們就不能與約翰的隊(duì)伍在下一輪相遇了。

    5. Owing to all my classmates’ effort, our class won the competition. 由于所有同學(xué)的努力,在這次競(jìng)賽中,我們班獲勝。

    6. That Shelley became a poet may have been due to his mother’s influence. 雪萊成為詩(shī)人可能是由于受他母親的影響。

    五、表示列舉和解釋說(shuō)明關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)

    主要有a case in point(恰當(dāng)?shù)睦?, namely = that is(那就是), for example, for instance, specifically, such as, in my view, as for me, as far as ... be concerned(就……而言), after all, in any case等。例如:

    1. Only one person can complete the task, namely you. 只有一個(gè)人能完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù),那就是你。

    2. As far as I’m concerned, I don’t like that kind of skirt. 就我而言,我不喜歡那樣的裙子。

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    六、表示讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)

    主要有for all this, in spite of, despite, nevertheless(盡管如此,然而), even though, although, nonetheless(盡管如此), regardless of(不管), but, though, whereas(用以比較或?qū)Ρ葍蓚€(gè)事實(shí),表示"然而"), however, even so等。例如:

    1. Defeat was obvious; even so, the players continued to try their best to win. 盡管已很明顯落敗了,但隊(duì)員們?nèi)匀σ愿啊?/span>

    2. In spite of all his efforts he failed. 盡管他很努力,他仍舊失敗了。

    3. Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not. 一些研究顯示了肯定的結(jié)果,而另一些卻不然。

    4. He’s charming; nevertheless, I don’t quite trust him. 盡管他很迷人,可是我卻不十分信任他。

    七、總結(jié)、重復(fù)和概述性的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)

    主要有g(shù)enerally speaking, in general, in brief(簡(jiǎn)言之,總而言之), in short, in summary, in conclusion, in essence, in other words, to sum up, to summarize, all in all(從各方面考慮,總的說(shuō)來(lái)), by and large(總體上), boil down to sth(歸結(jié)為……), on the whole, as has been noted, as we have seen, as mentioned earlier等。例如:

    1. In brief, you realized your aims. 總而言之,你實(shí)現(xiàn)了你的目標(biāo)。

    2. All in all, it had been a great success. 總的說(shuō)來(lái),那是個(gè)巨大的成功。

    3. By and large, I enjoyed my time at school. 總的說(shuō)來(lái),我在學(xué)校很開(kāi)心。

    4. In the end, what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it. 問(wèn)題的癥結(jié)是錢(qián),或者說(shuō)是缺錢(qián)。

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    牛刀小試

    請(qǐng)從下列方框里的詞或詞組中選出最合適的一個(gè)完成句子。

    on the contrary furthermore therefore in short

    1. We were tired and hungry, and ______ eager to reach our destination as soon as possible.

    2. When a student challenged his theory, the professor was not displeased as we expected; _______, he encouraged us to think independently.

    3. That play is depressing. The plot is weird and the characterization is poor. _______, it is a failure.

    答案及解析

    1. therefore。句意:我們又累又餓,因此急于盡可能快地到達(dá)目的地。分析:本句的前半部分"We were tired and hungry"是后半部分"eager to reach our destination as soon as possible"的原因,因此空格部分需要一個(gè)表示因果關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ),故選therefore,意為"因此(for that reason)"。

    2. on the contrary。句意:當(dāng)學(xué)生挑戰(zhàn)這位教授的理論時(shí),他并沒(méi)有像我們預(yù)想的那樣不高興,相反他還鼓勵(lì)我們要獨(dú)立思考。分析:空格后"he encouraged us to think independently"表達(dá)的是與空格前"the professor was not displeased as we expected"相對(duì)比的一種相反的情況,故選on the contrary(恰恰相反)。

    3. In short。句意:那個(gè)劇本讓人感到沉悶。它情節(jié)怪誕,人物塑造單一。簡(jiǎn)而言之,那是個(gè)失敗的劇作。分析:空格后"it is a failure"是對(duì)前面所述情況的一個(gè)總結(jié),故用in short,由于其被用于句首,"in"首字母要大寫(xiě)。